Estudio analítico de la metáfora y su traducción, ejemplificado en Memorial de Isla Negra de Pablo Neruda

The aim of this research is a linguistic study of metaphor and its translation. From the traditional point of view, the definition of the metaphor should concentrate upon: 1. The replacement of one element with the other. 2. The similarity between those two elements. Nevertheless, those two points are not necessarily essential to the formation of the metaphor. When analyzing the «metaphor», it is noticeable that there is a change in the internal order of the overall features representing the meaning of the word. In that way, some features are neutralized, meanwhile others become more relevant. Hence we analyze the metaphor here as a semantic neutralization process. The analysis of metaphor translation reveals the existence of three problematic issues: 1. The difference in connotative meaning in the two languages. 2. The originality of the metaphor in the two languages. 3. The difference in the structure of the metaphor in the two languages

Ambiguity and Humour

Contra lo que pudiera creerse en un primer momento, la ambigüedad del lenguaje tiene numerosos efectos positivos para los componentes esenciales de los actos de habla: los interlocutores, el mensaje y el código. En este trabajo nos proponemos estudiar uno de esos aspectos positivos relacionados con la ambigüedad semántica: el humor, que en muchas ocasiones se origina en la dilogía de ciertas unidades lingüísticas que aparecen en el discurso. En nuestro estudio, distinguimos entre tres tipos básicos de opacidad semántica: ambigüedad, vaguedad e indeterminación. Para crear la comicidad en el texto, cada una de esas tres categorías echa mano de un conjunto de mecanismos distinto. El análisis aplicado en esta ocasión es de carácter pragmático.Ambiguity has many positive effects on the three main elements of speech acts: speakers, message and code. In this paper, we will analyse one of the positive aspects related to semantic ambiguity: humour, which is often based on the ambivalence of certain units of speech. We will also establish three basic types of semantic opacity: ambiguity, fuzziness and generality. Our pragmatic approach will show how several mechanisms account for the way each one of these categories creates humour

La hipálage: estudio lingüístico con especial atención a las obras de Juan Ramón Jiménez y Rafael Alberti

Nuestro interés a lo largo de este trabajo se centra en torno a cuatro aspectos que consideramos esenciales para la hipálage: su definición, su delimitación con respecto a otras figuras —la metáfora y la metonimia—, así como su función discursiva dentro del texto poético y las distintas categorías que de dicha figura podemos distinguir en función de los criterios lingüísticos y formales. Discrepamos aquí con la perspectiva tradicional, que analiza la hipálage como el traslado de un adjetivo de las inmediaciones de un lexema a las de otro. Para ello nos basamos, entre otras cosas, en la existencia de una categoría de hipálage en la que no se percibe ningún procedimiento de permutación. Dicha categoría apunta a la posibilidad de establecer ciertos vínculos entre hipálage y metáfora. En el texto poético, la hipálage posee una gran variedad de funciones. No obstante, todas ellas se pueden reducir a una: la creación de un fuerte enlace de carácter psíquico-lingüístico entre los términos implicados. La tipología que de esta figura intentamos establecer aquí, se basa en tres criterios esenciales: el número de elementos implicados, el tipo de anomalía semántica que comporta la hipálage y el procedimiento lingüístico que la origina.The aim of this research is a linguistic study of hypallage. Here, we’ll concentrate upon four essential aspects: definition of hypallage, delimitation of its area with regard to other rhetoric figures (metaphor and metonymy), semantic function of hypallage in the poetic discourse and the linguistic criteria that can be used to classify its different categories. We don’t agree here with the traditional perspective that analyses hypallage as a result of a permutation process. There is a category of hypallage where it is impossible to perceive any kind of permutation process. In this type of hypallage we can establish a certain relation between this figure and metaphor. The basic function of hypallage in poetic discourse is to enact a psycho-linguistic relation between the implied terms. The typology of hypallage we try to establish in this issue is based upon three essential criteria: the number of implied elements, the type of the semantic anomaly created by hypallage and the linguistic process that produce hypallage

Approximation to the Study of the Interjection in Egyptian Dialectal Arabic

Nuestro objetivo aquí es analizar el uso de las interjecciones en el árabe dialectal de Egipto, prestando una especial atención a las de carácter emotivo. Para ello, empezamos por estudiar la naturaleza lingüística de las interjecciones, llegando a la conclusión de que su contenido semántico es de carácter puramente procedimental y su significado exacto depende enormemente del contexto y/o la situación del discurso. Analizando las posibilidades combinatorias de las interjecciones, concluimos que son sintagmas que se muestran reacios a la transposición o a cualquier otro mecanismo de enlace que pueda afectar a su categoría sintáctica de entrada. Nos centramos también en el análisis de los valores semánticos con los que se emplean estos elementos en el dialecto que nos incumbe, detectando la existencia de dos mecanismos básicos de creación de nuevas unidades: la lexicalización de expresiones de contenido originalmente vocativo o de carácter religioso.Our aim in this issue is to analyze the use of interjections in the dialectal Arabic of Egypt, giving a special attention to those of emotive sense. We begin studying the linguistic nature of interjections and conclude that they are always used to convey a vague sense, because of the procedural nature that they semantically have. Analyzing the combinatorial possibilities of interjections, we can affirm that they are autonomous sequences that do not accept transposition or any other mechanism of link that could change their original syntactic category. Finally we centre upon the semantic values with which these elements are used in Egyptian Arabic and detect the existence of two basic mechanisms of creation of new interjections: the lexicalization of expressions of original vocative content or religious sense

An investigation of hot forming quench process for AA6082 aluminium alloys

This thesis is concerned with the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution during the novel solution Heat treatment Forming cold die Quenching (HFQ) process. HFQ is a hot sheet forming technology which incorporates the forming and quenching stages to produce high strength and high precision Al-alloy sheet parts. The work in the thesis divided into three main sections: Firstly, viscoplastic behaviour of AA6082 at different deformation temperatures and strain rates was identified through analysis of a programme of hot tensile tests. Based on the results from the hot tensile tests, a set of unified viscoplastic-damage constitutive equations was developed and determined for AA6082, providing a good agreement with the experimental results. SEM tests were carried out to investigate the damage nucleation and failure features of the AA6082 during hot forming process and the results are discussed. Secondly, the viscoplastic-damage constitutive equations were implemented into the commercial software ABAQUS via the user defined subroutine VUMAT for the forming process simulation. An experimental programme was designed and testing facilities were established for the validation of the FE process modelling results. A fairly good agreement between the process simulation and the experimental results was achieved. This confirms that the established FE process simulation model can be used for hot stamping of AA6082 panel parts. Further process modelling work was carried out to identify the optimal forming parameters for a simplified representation of a panel part. Finally, a precipitation hardening model was developed to predict the post-ageing strength of AA6082 panel parts, having varying amounts of forming-induced plastic strain. The model was tested against results of experiments which were carried out to investigate the effect of pre-deformation on the ageing kinetics of AA6082. The model is shown to fit and can be used to explain changes in the strength of the material. This set of equations was implemented in the VUMAT, in combination with the viscoplastic damage constitutive equation set, to model the whole HFQ process. The FE model was tested with experimental ageing and hardness results providing good agreements, which are discussed in light of the future development of the HFQ process

Total ear reconstruction: The role of bilateral triangular post-auricular flaps for creation of the cephaloauricular sulcus

Introduction: Auricular reconstruction of congenital or acquired ear defects can provide a realistic good-looking ear and functional cephaloauricular sulcus especially for those who wear eyeglasses. Over the past few years, refinements in the techniques of elevating the buried ear framework in the second stage of ear reconstruction have shifted from simple skin grafting to the use of flaps and cartilage blocks for creation of the cephaloauricular sulcus. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe useful simple modification using bilateral triangular flaps and full thickness skin graft to create adequately functional cephalo-auricular sulcus especially for patients wearing eyeglasses during the second stage ear reconstruction.The study design: The described technique was carried out between June 2010 and January 2014, for 37 patients (24 patients with congenital microtia grade III, 7 patients with post-burn ear deformity, and 6 patients with post-traumatic ear defects). During the second stage of total ear reconstruction, the ear framework is separated substantially from the side of the head and positioned at the desired angle by means of a block of cartilage covered with a fascial flap. Then, two local triangular flaps from the adjacent non-hairy skin are created (one is superiorly based and the other is inferiorly based) and inset into the created cephaloauricular sulcus. The rest of the post-auricular defect is covered with a full thickness graft.Results: The technique was simple and effective with no post-operative complication regarding flaps viability. Patients requiring glasses have worn frames soon after the tie-over was removed and no sulcus problems have resulted

Measuring efficiency, productivity and financial performance of Libyan manufacturing firms pre and post privatization / Mohamed Saad Mohamed Abokaresh

This study examines the effect of privatization on technical efficiency, productivity and financial performance of 21 Libyan manufacturing firms from 2000 to 2008, and captures also the pre and post privatization effects of those measures, by applying the Frontier Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique. Comparisons are also made meaningful by separating the firms into two ownership structures: state owned and fully privatized. As we are also assessing the pre and post privatization effects, the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test is used to test for independence between-subjects designs. Technical efficiency scores of all manufacturing firms before and after privatization are computed using the input-oriented DEA model, proven to be suitable for determining technical efficiency. The findings from the analysis show that 42.9 per cent of the entire firms operate above average and 57.1 per cent operate below the average score. However, no firm has scored full efficiency (TE = 1.00). Even though the findings show an overall improvement in technical efficiency of 12.8 per cent, this is not consistent with the privatization theory. In evaluating the ownership types for pre and post privatization, the findings reveal that fully privatized firms are more efficient after privatization, implying better performance than state control firms. In terms of the Total Factor Productivity analysis, the findings show that the productivity of 16 (76.19 per cent) firms out of 21 firms decline after privatization

The reception of humor based on cultural elements in the Spanish translation of the narrative of Naguib Mahfuz: empirical analysis focused on the translation techniques

Nuestro objetivo principal en este trabajo es llevar a cabo un análisis empírico de la recepción del humor basado en elementos culturales en la traducción española de la obra de Naguib Mahfuz. Pretendemos medir el grado de percepción de la comicidad en esta traducción en comparación con la versión original y desvelar, al mismo tiempo, cualquier posible relación entre este aspecto y el grado de explicitación de la información relacionada con los culturemas, mediante el uso de ciertas técnicas traslativas. Cuatro cuestionarios constituidos por diez segmentos extraídos de la obra original y sus correspondientes traducciones reales y manipuladas fueron sometidos al juicio de hablantes nativos de ambos idiomas. La tasa de percepción del humor en las traducciones reales no supera el 30%. Los datos también indican que la explicitación de la información es un factor que puede mejorar los resultados, pero su efecto es bastante reducido, puesto que hace que desaparezca del texto la complicidad entre emisor y receptor, que es un elemento esencial para la percepción de la hilaridad.This paper presents an empirical analysis conducted on the reception of humour based on cultural elements in the Spanish translation of the novels of Naguib Mahfuz. The study was designed to measure the perception of humour in the translation as compared to the original and to reveal, at the same time, any possible connection between the perception of humour and the degree of disclosure of information related to cultural elements, through the use of certain translation techniques. Four questionnaires consisting of 10 segments extracted from the original version and their corresponding real and manipulated translations were submitted to the judgment of native speakers of both languages. The perception rate of humour achieved in real translations is no higher than 30%. The findings also indicate that the disclosure of pertinent information can improve the results. But doing so has little effect, because it makes the complicity between sender and receiver disappear from the text, and that complicity is essential for the perception of amusement